During the fourth quarter of fiscal years 2024 and 2023, the Company completed a goodwill impairment analysis for its reporting units. During the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2024, the Company determined that the fair value of its Stran Loyalty Solutions reporting unit was in excess of its carrying value and no impairment charge was recorded. During the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2023, the Company determined that the carrying value of its Stran & Company, Inc. reporting unit was in excess of its fair value and recorded a non-cash impairment charge of $810 during the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2023. This impairment reduced the goodwill to $0 as of December 31, 2023. When performing quantitative testing, the Company first estimates the fair values of its reporting units using a combination of an income and market approach. The single step is to determine the estimated fair value of the reporting units and compare it to the carrying value of the reporting units, including goodwill. The majority of the inputs used in the discounted cash flow model are unobservable and thus are considered to be Level 3 inputs. See Note A – Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies for more detail of methodology.

The following table summarizes the activity in the Company’s goodwill balance:

The following table presents details of the Company’s intangible assets, estimated lives and related accumulated amortization:

The Company recorded amortization expense of $403 and $294 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

The following table presents future estimated amortization expense based on existing intangible assets held for use:

Actual future estimated amortization expense could differ from these estimated amounts as a result of future acquisitions, dispositions, impairments, and other factors or changes.